Glossary

• a

• Active Solar HeatingActive Solar Heating systems harness solar energy to heat air or liquid, which is then transported to interior spaces or storage areas to manage temperature. Utilising collectors, typically flat-plate solar collectors or evacuated tubes, these systems capture and convert solar radiation into(...)
• Active solar technologyActive solar technology harnesses solar energy through photovoltaic panels or solar thermal collectors to convert sunlight into electricity or heat. This approach utilises mechanical or electrical equipment, such as pumps and fans, to actively circulate and distribute the collected solar(...)
• Alternating Current (AC)Alternating Current (AC) is an electrical current that reverses direction periodically, unlike Direct Current (DC) which flows in one direction. This type of current is characterised by its frequency, which is the number of cycles it completes per second, measured in hertz (Hz). In most(...)
• Anti-Reflective CoatingAnti-Reflective Coating is a thin film applied to surfaces like glass and optical lenses to reduce reflection and increase the transmission of light through the material. By minimising the light reflected off surfaces, these coatings enhance the clarity and contrast of the viewed objects and(...)
• Azimuth AngleAzimuth angle defines the horizontal angular measurement between a reference direction, typically true north, and the direction of an object, expressed in degrees from 0¬∞ to 360¬∞. This measurement is crucial in various fields, including navigation, astronomy, and satellite dish installation,(...)

• b

• Balance of System (BOS)Balance of System (BOS) refers to the collection of components that comprise a photovoltaic (PV) system excluding the photovoltaic panels themselves. This includes hardware such as inverters, mounting systems, wiring, and electrical components, as well as monitoring and control units. BOS(...)
• Bifacial ModuleBifacial modules are innovative solar panels designed to capture sunlight from both their front and rear surfaces, significantly enhancing energy yield compared to traditional monofacial designs. These modules utilise translucent back sheets or dual glass configurations, allowing light to(...)
• Bifacial solar panelsBifacial solar panels are photovoltaic devices capable of capturing sunlight from both their front and rear surfaces, enhancing energy generation compared to traditional monofacial solar panels. Constructed with semi-transparent materials, these panels allow light to pass through them,(...)
• Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) is a technology that merges photovoltaic materials and techniques directly into building structures, such as the facade, roof, or windows, serving both as an integral component of the envelope and as a power generation system. This integration enables(...)

• c

• Cadmium Telluride Solar CellCadmium telluride solar cells are photovoltaic devices that use a layer of cadmium telluride to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity. Characterised by their thin-film technology, these cells stand out due to their high absorption efficiency for sunlight and low production costs(...)
• Central inverterCentral inverters are high-capacity electrical devices utilised predominantly in solar power systems to convert direct current (DC) from solar panels into alternating current (AC) suitable for use in electrical grids. These inverters are typically installed in large-scale photovoltaic (PV)(...)
• Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV)Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV) is a technology that harnesses solar power with enhanced efficiency by focusing sunlight onto small, highly efficient photovoltaic cells using lenses or mirrors. This method significantly intensifies the incident solar radiation, achieving a higher energy output(...)
• Concentrated solar power (CSP)Concentrated solar power (CSP) harnesses sunlight to generate thermal energy through a series of mirrors and lenses that focus solar radiation onto a small area, typically a receiver. This process converts light to heat, which can then be used directly or stored for generating electricity.(...)

• d

• Degradation rateDegradation rate is the measure of the speed at which a substance or material deteriorates under specific environmental conditions. This rate is influenced by factors including temperature, humidity, presence of microbes, and exposure to chemicals or radiation. In biological contexts,(...)
• Direct Current (DC)Direct Current (DC) is an electric current flowing in a constant direction, distinguishing it from alternating current (AC) which periodically reverses direction. DC is characterised by a steady voltage level, allowing it to maintain a consistent rate of energy flow. This form of electricity(...)

• e

• Encapsulation materialsEncapsulation materials are specialised substances used to isolate and protect sensitive components from environmental factors and mechanical stress. These materials form a barrier against moisture, dust, and chemical contaminants, preserving the functionality and extending the lifespan of(...)
• Energy conversion efficiencyEnergy conversion efficiency is the ratio of useful energy output to the total energy input, expressed as a percentage. This metric assesses the effectiveness of a device or system in converting energy from its original form to a usable form. The concept is critical in minimising energy losses(...)
• Energy payback timeEnergy payback time (EPBT) is the duration required for a renewable energy system to generate the amount of energy equivalent to the energy expended in its production, installation, and decommissioning. This metric is critical in assessing the sustainability and efficiency of energy systems,(...)
• Energy Payback Time (EPT)Energy Payback Time (EPT) is the duration required for a renewable energy system to generate the amount of energy equivalent to the energy consumed during its production, installation, and operation. This metric is critical in assessing the sustainability and efficiency of energy systems,(...)

• f

• Feed-in TariffFeed-in Tariff is a policy mechanism designed to accelerate investment in renewable energy technologies by offering long-term contracts to renewable energy producers. Its primary aim is to offer a guaranteed purchase price for the power generated, typically above the retail or wholesale rates.(...)

• g

• Gallium Arsenide Solar CellGallium Arsenide Solar Cell is a photovoltaic device that converts sunlight into electricity by exploiting the properties of the semiconductor material gallium arsenide (GaAs). Known for its exceptional efficiency and performance in high-radiation environments, this type of solar cell is(...)
• Galvanic corrosionGalvanic corrosion is an electrochemical process where one metal corrodes preferentially when it is in electrical contact with another, in the presence of an electrolyte. This form of corrosion occurs because metals within the galvanic series have different potentials to liberate electrons,(...)
• Grid ParityGrid Parity is the economic threshold at which renewable energy can be generated at a cost equal to or less than electricity produced from conventional power sources like fossil fuels. This parity occurs when the cost per kilowatt-hour (kWh) for renewable energy equals the price of power from(...)
• Grid-tied systemA grid-tied system is an electrical power system primarily configured to connect and synchronise with a utility grid. These systems, primarily used in solar photovoltaics, enable households or businesses to feed unused electricity back into the national grid. Configured with solar panels, an(...)

• i

• Inverter EfficiencyInverter efficiency refers to the ratio of the output power delivered to the load to the input power drawn from the energy source, expressed as a percentage. This metric is crucial in assessing the performance of inverters, which convert direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC), in(...)

• k

• Kilowatt-hour (kWh)Kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a unit of energy measurement equivalent to the power consumption of one thousand watts sustained over one hour. It serves as a standard unit for billing energy usage in residential, commercial, and industrial settings. By quantifying electrical energy use, the kWh allows(...)

• m

• Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is an advanced electronic system designed to optimise the extraction of power from photovoltaic (PV) systems. It dynamically adjusts the electrical operating point of the modules or array to ensure that the maximum power output is achieved irrespective of(...)
• Micro-inverterA micro-inverter is a compact device that converts direct current (DC) from a single solar panel into alternating current (AC). Unlike central inverters, which manage the output of multiple solar panels, each micro-inverter is attached to a single panel. This setup enhances energy conversion(...)
• MicroinverterMicroinverter is a type of photovoltaic inverter used to convert direct current (DC) generated by a single solar module to alternating current (AC). Unlike central inverters that manage output from multiple solar panels, micro inverters operate on a per-panel basis, enhancing energy harvest(...)
• Module Performance RatioModule Performance Ratio (MPR) quantifies the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) modules in converting sunlight into usable electrical energy under real-world conditions as compared to ideal laboratory conditions. This ratio is a key determinant of the economic and operational viability of a(...)
• Monocrystalline SiliconMonocrystalline silicon is a high-purity form of silicon characterised by a continuous and unbroken crystal lattice structure with no grain boundaries. This structure is achieved through the Czochralski process, wherein a single silicon crystal is pulled from molten silicon. The material(...)

• n

• Net MeteringNet Metering is a billing mechanism that credits solar energy system owners for the electricity they add to the grid. This system allows residential and commercial customers who generate their own electricity through solar power to feed unused energy back to the grid and receive credit against(...)

• p

• Parabolic troughParabolic trough is a solar thermal energy technology characterised by a linear parabolic reflector that focuses the sun's radiation onto a receiver positioned along the reflector's focal line. The reflector is typically coated with highly reflective material to maximise the concentration of(...)
• Passive Solar DesignPassive solar design refers to the architectural approach that harnesses solar energy to heat and cool building interiors naturally without relying on active mechanical systems. This design technique optimises the use of building orientation, window placement, thermal mass, and insulation to(...)
• Peak Sun HoursPeak Sun Hours is a measure used to estimate the average intensity of solar radiation reaching a specific location on Earth over a typical day. This metric is crucial for evaluating the potential of solar energy systems in various geographic areas. Expressed in hours, it represents the(...)
• Perovskite Solar CellPerovskite Solar Cells (PSCs) represent a class of photovoltaic devices that employ perovskite-structured materials as the light-harvesting active layer. These materials, typically hybrid organic-inorganic lead or tin halide-based compositions, are renowned for their excellent light(...)
• Photovoltaic CellPhotovoltaic cell is a device that converts sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, a physical and chemical phenomenon. These cells are made of semiconductor materials, typically silicon, which absorb photons and release electrons, creating an electric current.(...)
• Photovoltaic cellsPhotovoltaic cells are devices that convert sunlight directly into electricity using the photovoltaic effect, a physical and chemical phenomenon first observed by French physicist Edmond Becquerel in 1839. These cells consist primarily of semiconductor materials, typically silicon, which(...)
• Photovoltaic effectPhotovoltaic effect is the phenomenon where light energy, typically from the sun, is converted directly into electricity at the atomic level in a material. This conversion occurs when photons, the particles of light, strike semiconducting materials such as silicon and excite electrons to a(...)
• Photovoltaic EfficiencyPhotovoltaic efficiency refers to the ratio of electrical energy output from a photovoltaic (PV) cell to the solar energy input. This metric, expressed as a percentage, quantifies the effectiveness of a solar panel in converting sunlight into usable electricity. Various factors influence this(...)
• Photovoltaic module efficiencyPhotovoltaic module efficiency is the ratio of the electrical output of a solar panel to the solar energy input, expressed as a percentage. This metric is crucial in determining the effectiveness of a photovoltaic (PV) module in converting sunlight into usable electricity. The efficiency of PV(...)
• Photovoltaic Module TestingPhotovoltaic Module Testing is the systematic evaluation of solar panels to determine their performance, durability, and efficiency under various environmental conditions. This process involves exposing photovoltaic (PV) modules to controlled laboratory conditions that simulate sunlight,(...)
• Photovoltaic noise barrierPhotovoltaic noise barriers (PNBs) are multifunctional structures designed to mitigate traffic noise while simultaneously generating solar energy. These installations consist of solar panels mounted on barriers alongside roads or railways, effectively transforming environmental noise barriers(...)
• Photovoltaic system performancePhotovoltaic system performance is defined by the efficiency and effectiveness with which solar panels convert sunlight into electrical energy. Key metrics include conversion efficiency, capacity factor, and energy yield, which collectively determine the output and reliability of a(...)
• Photovoltaic-Thermal Hybrid System (PVT)Photovoltaic-Thermal Hybrid System (PVT) is an integrated solution designed to simultaneously convert solar radiation into electrical and thermal energy. This dual functionality is achieved through the combination of photovoltaic (PV) cells and a thermal transfer fluid system, which captures(...)
• Polycrystalline SiliconPolycrystalline silicon, often known as multicrystalline silicon, is a material composed of small silicon crystals or grains. This form of silicon is distinguished by its imperfect crystal lattice structure, which results from numerous grains being fused together during production. It is(...)

• r

• Roof-integrated solarRoof-integrated solar is a method of incorporating photovoltaic (PV) systems directly into the roofing material, providing a seamless integration with the structure‚Äôs exterior. This approach differs from traditional solar panel installations that mount on existing roofing. Utilising(...)

• s

• Silicon WaferSilicon Wafer is a thin slice of semiconductor material, typically silicon crystal, used in the fabrication of integrated circuits and other microdevices. The wafer serves as the substrate for microelectronic devices built in and over the wafer and undergoes many microfabrication processes,(...)
• Solar Access RightsSolar Access Rights pertain to the legal ability of property owners to access sunlight for solar energy systems without obstruction from neighboring structures. These rights are established to protect investments in solar technology, ensuring that property owners can generate sufficient solar(...)
• Solar ArrayA solar array consists of multiple solar panels assembled together to capture sunlight and convert it into electricity. These arrays are critical components in both terrestrial and space-based photovoltaic systems, designed to maximise energy capture by optimising the orientation and(...)
• Solar azimuth angleSolar azimuth angle is the horizontal angle measured clockwise from a reference direction, typically true north, to the point on the horizon directly below the sun. This angle is a key component in determining the solar path and is crucial for applications in solar energy, navigation, and(...)
• Solar CanopySolar Canopy is an architectural innovation designed to harness solar energy while providing shade and shelter in outdoor spaces. This structure integrates photovoltaic panels atop a framework that can be installed over parking lots, walkways, or patios, effectively transforming underutilised(...)
• Solar Charge ControllerA solar charge controller is a device that manages the power going into the battery bank from the solar array. It ensures that the deep cycle batteries do not overcharge during the day and that the power doesn't‚Äôt run back to the solar panels overnight, which would drain the batteries. Some(...)
• Solar DiffuserSolar Diffuser is a device employed in satellite-based remote sensing to calibrate sensors that measure Earth's reflectance by using direct sunlight. It primarily consists of a highly reflective surface or panel, typically made from materials such as Spectralon, which reflects sunlight into(...)
• Solar easementsSolar easements are legal instruments that ensure access to sunlight for solar energy systems by restricting or limiting developments or other activities that could obstruct sunlight reaching a designated area. These easements are typically granted through deeds or written agreements between(...)
• Solar elevation angleSolar elevation angle is the measure of the sun's position relative to the observer's horizon, expressed in degrees. When the sun is directly on the horizon, the elevation angle is zero; as the sun moves upward, the angle increases up to a maximum of 90 degrees when the sun is directly(...)
• Solar FarmSolar Farm is a large-scale photovoltaic system designed for the generation of electricity by converting sunlight directly into electricity through solar panels. These installations typically cover large areas of land, where panels are mounted to maximise exposure to sunlight. The energy(...)
• Solar GlasingSolar Glazing is a specialised type of Glazing designed for the purpose of solar control in buildings. It incorporates coatings that can reflect, absorb, or transmit solar radiation, thereby influencing the internal temperature and lighting conditions. These glasings are used in the(...)
• Solar Heat Gain CoefficientSolar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) is a metric that quantifies the fraction of incident solar radiation admitted through a window, both directly transmitted and absorbed, then subsequently released as heat inside a building. The SHGC is expressed as a number between 0 and 1; lower values(...)
• Solar InsolationSolar insolation is the measure of solar radiation energy received on a given surface area in a given time. It is commonly expressed in kilowatts per square meter (kW/m¬≤). Predominantly influenced by the angle of the sun above the horizon, seasonal variations, and the clarity of the(...)
• Solar inverterA solar inverter is a device that converts direct current (DC) generated by solar panels into alternating current (AC), the form of electricity commonly used in homes and businesses. This conversion is essential because solar panels produce DC electricity while most domestic and industrial(...)
• Solar IrradianceSolar irradiance is the power per unit area received from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range of the measuring instrument. Expressed in watts per square meter (W/m¬≤), it quantifies the intensity of solar radiation that reaches the Earth‚Äôs atmosphere and(...)
• Solar Load RatioSolar Load Ratio (SLR) quantifies the balance between the solar energy incident on a structure and the energy required to maintain a comfortable indoor environment. This calculation, pivotal in the design of energy-efficient buildings, helps architects determine the extent to which a building(...)
• Solar panel mounting systemsSolar panel mounting systems are integral structural components designed to secure solar panels to roofs, ground sites, or other structures, enhancing energy collection efficiency and safeguarding against environmental and mechanical stresses. These systems are tailored to various installation(...)
• Solar reflectance index (SRI)Solar reflectance index (SRI) is a measure used to indicate the ability of a material‚Äôs surface to reflect solar heat. Defined on a scale from 0 to 100, the SRI quantifies the reflectivity and emissivity properties of materials, with higher values denoting more heat being reflected and less(...)
• Solar Renewable Energy Certificate (SREC)Solar Renewable Energy Certificate (SREC) is a tradable compliance instrument that represents the environmental attributes from a specific quantity of electricity generated from solar energy systems. Each SREC certifies the production of one megawatt-hour (MWh) of electricity generated by(...)
• Solar ShinglesSolar Shingles are photovoltaic modules designed to mimic the appearance and function of conventional roofing materials while converting sunlight into electricity. These innovative shingles integrate seamlessly with existing roof tiles, providing an aesthetically pleasing option for homeowners(...)
• Solar Thermal CollectorSolar thermal collectors are devices designed to absorb sunlight and convert it into heat, which is then transferred to a fluid, typically water or air, circulating through the system. They consist primarily of a heat-absorbing element, a transparent cover that allows solar radiation to pass(...)
• Solar-to-electric efficiencySolar-to-electric efficiency refers to the rate at which solar energy is converted into electrical energy via photovoltaic cells. Measured as a percentage, this efficiency indicates the effectiveness of a solar panel in harnessing sunlight and transforming it into usable electric power. The(...)
• Solar TrackerA solar tracker is a device that orients a payload toward the sun. Payloads can be photovoltaic panels, reflectors, lenses, or other optical devices. By following the sun‚Äôs trajectory, solar trackers enhance the amount of solar energy that these devices harvest, increasing overall efficiency(...)
• Solar tracking systemSolar tracking systems are engineered structures designed to enhance the efficiency of solar panels by aligning them with the sun's trajectory across the sky. These systems employ sensors and motors to adjust the orientation of solar panels, maximising exposure to sunlight and thereby(...)
• Stand-Alone SystemStand-Alone System is a self-contained unit that operates independently without the need for external resources or connections. Designed to function autonomously, this system type encompasses a wide array of applications ranging from simple household appliances to more complex industrial(...)
• String InverterA string inverter is a device integral to the operation of solar power systems, converting direct current (DC) generated by solar panels into alternating current (AC) suitable for use in home and business electrical grids. This type of inverter connects a series of solar panels, termed a(...)

• t

• Temperature CoefficientTemperature Coefficient is a quantifiable measure that describes how the physical properties of a material change in response to variations in temperature. It is typically expressed as a fractional change per degree of temperature. The coefficient is crucial for the design and operation of(...)
• Thermal bridgingThermal bridging occurs when materials with higher thermal conductivity allow heat to bypass insulating layers in a building‚Äôs envelope, facilitating unwanted heat transfer. This phenomenon undermines the thermal integrity of the structure, leading to increased energy consumption and reduced(...)
• Thin-film solar cellsThin-film solar cells are a class of photovoltaic devices designed to convert solar energy into electricity using extremely thin layers of photovoltaic materials. These cells are typically only a few micrometers thick, a fraction of the thickness of traditional silicon-wafer cells. Their(...)
• Thin-Film Solar PanelThin-Film Solar Panel is a technology distinguished by its use of very thin photovoltaic materials applied to a substrate, enabling the production of lightweight and flexible solar cells. These panels are typically constructed from materials such as cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium(...)
• Tilt AngleTilt angle is the measure of inclination from the vertical or horizontal reference line, typically expressed in degrees. This concept applies widely across various scientific and technological fields, from engineering to astronomy. In solar panel installations, the tilt angle is critical for(...)